References - Part 2 of 2, including links to abstracts
and related information and selected published papers
The References are presented on two pages of the drop-down menu, Part 1 and Part 2, and are grouped into the following topics.
Part 1: References listed on this page fall into the following areas.
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Clinical Trials and Field Trials
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Guidelines
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Economics
Part 2: References listed on this page fall into the following areas.
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Laboratory Research
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Mechanism - of Killing Bacteria
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Reviews
Some of the references appear in more than one group because of their content.
To view the published paper or abstract of interest:
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Click on the links shown underlined in red to view the selected abstract or a paper.
Note: in many cases, you will get only get the abstract, and other related information, but not the full text of the paper. In some cases, a fee may be required to obtain the full paper. You can also try putting the entire paper title in your search engine.
If the link is highlighted in green, the full paper should be provided, at no cost. When the document opens, you may have to look for internal links saying Free Access, Open Access, Full Text, or a DOI designation.
Some of the papers may have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). In most cases, you will have to cut and paste the doi link, shown in blue, into a search engine to view the abstract and other related information. In a few cases, all that is needed is to click on the link.
Please note: If any link does not open readily, try entering the paper title into a search engine.
Disclaimers
The following scientific studies include conclusions about copper alloys that do not reflect U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) antimicrobial public health product registration approvals. These conclusions are the opinions of the researchers and authors and are based on independent scientific studies that have not been reviewed or approved by EPA.
Furthermore, any references that state or imply effectiveness in controlling disease, preventing infection, or the transmission of bacteria (i.e. cross-contamination) that can cause disease in humans have not been approved by either EPA or FDA (U.S. Food & Drug Administration). It is imperative that all marketing and promotion of antimicrobial copper surfaces in the U.S. adhere to EPA guidelines. For locations outside of the U.S., local regulatory guidelines should be consulted and followed.
References, with links
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Laboratory Research
Antimicrobial effect of copper surfaces on bacteria isolated from poultry meat. A Parra, M Toro, R Jacob, P Navarrete, M Troncoso, G Figueroa, A Reyes-Jara. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, November 2018
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1517838217312546#!
Impact of oxidation of copper and its alloys in laboratory-simulated conditions on their antimicrobial efficiency. M Walkowicza, P Osucha, B Smyraka, T Knycha, E Rudnika, L Cieniekb, A Różańskac, A Chmielarczykc, D Romaniszync, M Bulandac. Corrosion Science, August 2018
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010938X17313963
Antimicrobial efficacy and compatibility of solid copper alloys with chemical disinfectants. Katrin Steinhauer, Sonja Meyer, Jens Pfannebecker, Karin Teckemeyer, Klaus Ockenfeld, Klaus Weber, Barbara Becker. PLOS ONE, August 2018
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200748
Antimicrobial Effect of Copper Alloys on Acinetobacter Species Isolated from Infections and Hospital Environment. Anna Różańska, Agnieszka Chmielarczyk, Dorota Romaniszyn, Grzegorz Majka, Małgorzata Bulanda. BioMed Central, January 2018
Contact killing and antimicrobial properties of copper. M Vincent, R E Duval, P Hartemann, M Engels‐Deutsch. Journal of Applied Microbiology, December 2017
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jam.13681
Pure and Oxidized Copper Materials as Potential Antimicrobial Surfaces for Spaceflight Activities. Hahn C., Hans M., Hein C., Mancinelli R.L., Mücklich F., Wirth R., Rettberg P., Hellweg C.E., and Moeller R.. Astrobiology, 17(12): 1183-1191, December 2017,
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/ast.2016.1620
Life-like Assessment of Antimicrobial Surfaces by a New Touch Transfer Assay Displays Strong Superiority of a Copper Alloy Compared to Silver Containing Surfaces. Knobloch JK-M, Tofern S, Kunz W, SchuÈtze S, Riecke M, Solbach W, et al. PLOS ONE 12(11): e0187442. November 2017
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0187442
Antibiotic Resistance, Ability to Form Biofilm and Susceptibility to Copper Alloys of Selected Staphylococcal Strains Isolated from Touch Surfaces in Polish Hospital Wards. A Różańska, A Chmielarczyk, D Romaniszyn, M Bulanda, M Walkowicz, P Osuch and T Knych. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, August 2017
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13756-017-0240-x
Antimicrobial Properties of Selected Copper Alloys on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in Different Simulations of Environmental Conditions: With vs. without Organic Contamination. A Różańska,A Chmielarczyk, D Romaniszyn, A Sroka-Oleksiak, M Bulanda, M Walkowicz, P Osuch, T Knych. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, July 2017
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/7/813
Killing of Bacteria by Copper, Cadmium, and Silver Surfaces Reveals Relevant Physicochemical Parameters. J Luo, C Hein, F Mücklich, M Solioz. Biointerphases 12,020301, June 2017
https://boris.unibe.ch/109643/1/1.4980127.pdf
Potential of Copper Alloys to Kill Bacteria and Reduce Hospital Infection Rates. Harold T. Michels and Corinne A. Michels, Internal Medicine Review, March 2017
https://internalmedicinereview.org/index.php/imr/article/download/363/pdf
Influence of Copper and its Alloys Against Resistant Strains of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci Isolated from Touch Surfaces of Polish Hospital Units. A. Różańska, A. Chmielarczyk, D. Romaniszyn, M. Bulanda. Journal of Hospital Infection, Supplement 1, November 2016.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5556671/
Small Colony Variants are More Susceptible to Copper-mediated Contact Killing for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Sha Liu and Xue-Xian Zhang, Journal of Medical Microbiology, 65, 1143–1151, October 2016
https://jmm.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.000348
Copper Alloys - The New ‘Old’ Weapon in the Fight Against Infectious Disease. Harold T. Michels, Corinne A. Michels, Current Trends in Microbiology, Vol. 10, 2016
http://www.researchtrends.net/tia/abstract.asp?in=0&vn=10&tid=41&aid=5817&pub=2016&type=3
Antimicrobial Applications of Copper. Marin Vincent, Philippe Hartemann, Marc Engels-Deutsch. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 219, 17, A, 575-626, October 2016
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463916300669
Lack of Involvement of Fenton Chemistry in Death of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Sensitive Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Destruction of Their Genomes on Wet or Dry Copper Alloy Surfaces. S. L. Warnes and C. W. Keevil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 82, 7, 2132 April 2016
https://aem.asm.org/content/82/7/2132.abstract
Physicochemical Properties of Copper Important for its Antibacterial Activity and Development of a Unified Model. Michael Hans, Salima Mathews, Frank Mücklich and Marc Solioz, Biointerphases 11, 018902 , November 2015
https://avs.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1116/1.4935853
Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials. Warnes SL, Little ZR, Keevil CW. 2015. Human coronavirus 229E remains infectious on common touch surface materials. mBio 6(6):e01697-15. November 2015
https://mbio.asm.org/content/6/6/e01697-15.full
From Laboratory Research to a Clinical Trial: Copper Alloy Surfaces Kill Bacteria and Reduce Hospital-Acquired Infections. Michels, H.T. 2015. Health Environments Research & Design Journal. 1–16. July 2015
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1937586715592650
Antimicrobial Activity of Copper Alloys Against Invasive Multidrug-Resistant Nosocomial Pathogens. Koseoglu Eser O, Ergin A, Hascelik G, Current Microbiology, 5 June 2015
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00284-015-0840-8
Destruction of the Capsid and Genome of GII.4 Human Norovirus Occurs During Exposure to Metal Alloys Containing Copper. S. Manuel, M. D. Moore and L.A. Jaykus, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 15 May 2015
https://aem.asm.org/content/81/15/4940.abstract
Antimicrobial Properties of Copper in Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria. Meyer, T.J. International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering. Vol:9, No:3. , 2015
Inactivation of Murine Norovirus on a Range of Copper Alloy Surfaces is Accompanied by Loss of Capsid Integrity. S. L. Warnes, E. N. Summersgill and C.W. Keevil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1 December 2014
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452290
Inactivation of Bacterial and Viral Biothreat Agents on Metallic Copper Surfaces. Pauline Bleichert, Christophe Espirito Santo, Matthias Hanczaruk, Hermann Meyer, Gregor Grass, BioMetals, International Biometals Society, 7 August 2014
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10534-014-9781-0
Surface Structure Influences Contact Killing of Bacteria by Copper. Marco Zeiger, Marc Solioz, Hervais Edongu, Eduard Arzt & Andreas S. Schneider. MicrobiologyOpen; 3(3): 327–332, 2014
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mbo3.170
Inactivation of Norovirus on Dry Copper Alloy Surfaces. Warnes SL, Keevil CW. PLOS ONE 9 (5):e98333, September 2013
Norovirus Inactivation on Antimicrobial Touch Surfaces. B Keevil, S Warnes, Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control , 2(Suppl 1):P25, June 2013
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2047-2994-2-S1-P25
Contact Killing of Bacteria on Copper is Suppressed if Bacterial-Metal Contact is Prevented and Induced on Iron by Copper Ions. Salima Mathews, Michael Hans, Frank Mücklich, Marc Solioz, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol 79, No 8. April 2013. Copyright © American Society for Microbiology.
https://aem.asm.org/content/79/8/2605.abstract?sid=0440523b-d956-47a0-a2db-b30fefb29fc0
Antimicrobial activity of copper surfaces against carbapenemase-producing contemporary Gram-negative clinical isolates. Souli M, Galani I, Plachouras D, Panagea T, Armaganidis A, Petrikkos G, Giamarellou H. J Antimicrob Chemother. 68(4):8, April 2013
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23228934
Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes on Abiotic Touch Surfaces: Implications for Public Health. Sarah L. Warnes, Callum J Highmore, and C William Keevil, Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, UK. mBio vol. 3 no. 6 e00489-12, 27 November 2012
https://mbio.asm.org/content/3/6/e00489-12/article-info
Characterization and Control of the Microbial Community Affiliated with Copper or Aluminum Heat Exchangers of HVAC Systems. Michael G Schmidt, Hubert H Attaway, Silva Terzieva, Anna Marshall, Lisa L Steed, Deborah Salzberg, Hameed A Hamoodi, Jamil A Khan, Charles E Feigley, Harold T Michels. Curr Microbiol, 9 May 2012.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00284-012-0137-0
Antimicrobial metallic copper surfaces kill Staphylococcus haemolyticus via membrane damage. Christophe Espírito Santo, Davide Quaranta, Gregor Grass. MicrobiologyOpen, Volume 1, Issue 1, pages 46–52, March 2012,
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mbo3.2
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties of Copper Surfaces in an Outpatient Infectious Disease Practice. Seema Rai, Bruce E Hirsch, Hubert H Attaway, Richard Nadan, S Fairey, J Hardy, G Miller, Donna Armellino, Wilton R Moran, Peter Sharpe, Adam Estelle, J H Michel, Harold T Michels and Michael G Schmidt . Feb 2012
Mechanism of Copper Surface Toxicity in Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Involves Immediate Membrane Depolarization Followed by Slower Rate of DNA Destruction which Differs from that Observed for Gram-positive Bacteria. S L Warnes, V Caves and C W Keevil, Environmental Healthcare Unit, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.Journal Article: Environmental Microbiology (impact factor:5.5). 12/2011
Mechanism of Copper Surface Toxicity in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci following Wet or Dry Surface Contact. S L Warnes and C W Keevil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2011.
https://aem.asm.org/content/77/17/6049
The Role of Antimicrobial Copper Surfaces in Reducing Healthcare-associated Infections. Panos A Efstathiou, European Infectious Disease, 2011;5(2):125-8
http://www.medical-development.gr/articles/efstathiou.pdf
Science, Technology and Design: Harnessing Copper’s Antimicrobial Power – A Review. Mark Tur, Proceedings of 2011 European Design 4 Health Conference, Sheffield, UK. 13-15th July 2011
https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/359004/1/D4H2011_proceedings_v5a.pdf#page=329
Bacterial Killing by Dry Metallic Copper Surfaces. C Espírito Santo, E W Lam, C G Elowsky, D Quaranta, D W Domaille, C J Chang, and G Grass, 2011. Bacterial killing by dry metallic copper surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Vol. 77, No. 3, p. 94-802, February 2011
https://aem.asm.org/content/77/3/794.abstract
Mechanisms of Contact-Mediated Killing of Yeast Cells on Dry Metallic Copper Surfaces. Davide Quaranta, Travis Krans, Christophe Espírito Santo, Christian G Elowsky, Dylan W Domaille, Christopher J Chang, Gregor Grass, Applied & Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 77, No. 2, p.416–426, January 2011
https://aem.asm.org/content/77/2/416.short
Biocidal Efficacy of Copper Alloys against Pathogenic Enterococci Involves Degradation of Genomic and Plasmid DNA. S L Warnes, S M Green, H T Michels, C W Keevil, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., Vol. 76, No. 16, p5490-5401, August 2011
https://aem.asm.org/content/76/16/5390.abstract
Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Efficacy of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Challenged Antimicrobial Materials Containing Silver and Copper. H T Michels, J O Noyce, and C W Keevil, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 49 (2009) 191-195
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779462/
Potential for Preventing Spread of Fungi in Air-Conditioning Systems Constructed Using Copper Instead of Aluminium. L Weaver, H T Michels, C W Keevil, Letters in Applied Microbiology ISSN 0266-8254 (2010) 50 (1): 18.
doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02753.x. or
PMID 19943884. or
http://www.copperairquality.org/research/documents/fungi.pdf
Antimicrobial surfaces and their potential in reducing the role of the inanimate environment in the incidence of hospital-acquired infections. Kristopher Page, Michael Wilson and Ivan P Parkin, University College London. January 2009. J. Mater. Chem. 2009
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2009/jm/b818698g#!divAbstract
The antimicrobial properties of copper surfaces against a range of important nosocomial pathogens. S W J Gould, M D Fielder, A F Kelly, M Morgan, J Kenny, D P Naughton,Annals of Microbiology, 59 (1) 151-156 (2009)
Antimicrobial Properties of Copper Alloy Surfaces, with a Focus on Hospital-Acquired Infections. H Michels, W Moran and J Michel, International Journal of Metalcasting, Summer 2008, pp 47-56
http://www.tistrip.be/websites/uploadfolder/75/cms/images/effet_ab_sur_bact_hospi.pdf
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Copper Surfaces Against Spores and Vegetative Cells of Clostridium difficile: The Germination Theory. L. J. Wheeldon, T. Worthington, P. A. Lambert, A. C. Hilton, C. J. Lowden and T. S. J. Elliott, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2008 62(3):522-525;
https;//academic.oup.com/jac/article/62/3/522/732872
Survival of Clostridium difficile on copper and steel: futuristic options for hospital hygiene. L Weaver, H T Michels, and C W Keevil, Journal of Hospital Infection, Vol 68, Issue 2, pp 145-151, February 2008
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18207284?dopt=Citation
The antimicrobial activity of copper and copper alloys against nosocomial pathogens and Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from healthcare facilities in the Western Cape: an in-vitro study . S Mehtar, I Wiid, and S D Todorov, Journal of Hospital Infection, Vol. 68, Issue 1, pp 45-51, January 2008
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18069086?dopt=Abstract
Inactivation of Influenza A Virus on Copper versus Stainless Steel Surfaces. J O Noyce, H Michels and C W Keevil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, pp 2748 - 2750, Vol 73, No 8, April 2007
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1855605/
Survival of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A on metal surfaces: implications for cross-contamination. S A Wilks, H T Michels and C W Keevil, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 111, September (2006), pp 93-98.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16876278?dopt=AbstractPlus
Antimicrobial Characteristics of Copper. H T Michels, ASTM Standardization News, October 2006.
https://www.astm.org/SNEWS/OCTOBER_2006/michels_oct06.html
Potential use of copper surfaces to reduce survival of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the healthcare environment. J O Noyce, H Michels and C W Keevil, Journal of Hospital Infection, Vol 63, Issue 3, pp 289-297, July 2006
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16650507?dopt=AbstractPlus
Use of Copper Cast Alloys to Control Escherichia coli O157 Cross Contamination during Food Processing. J O Noyce, H Michels, and C W Keevil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, pp 4239-4244, June 2006.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489622/?tool=pubmed
The survival of Escherichia coli O157 on a range of metal surfaces. S A Wilks, H Michels and C W Keevil, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 105 (2005), pp 445-454.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16253366?dopt=AbstractPlus
Copper Alloys for Human Infectious Disease Control. H T Michels, J P Noyce, S A Wilks and C W Keevil. Copper for the 21st Century, Materials Science & Technology 2005 (MS&T’05) Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, September 25-28, 2005, ASM, ACerS, AIST, AWS, TMS, ISSN: 1546-2498
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.559.9650
Inactivation of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria in traditional brass and earthenware water storage vessels. P Tandon, S Chibber and R Reed, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (2005) 88:35-4, 14pp
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10482-004-7366-6
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Reviews
Antimicrobial surfaces to prevent healthcare-associated infections: a systematic review: a different view. Schmidt MG, Salgado CD, Freeman KD, John Jr. JF, Cantey RJ, Sharpe PA, Michels HT. Journal of Hospital Infection, February 2018
https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(18)30099-9/pdf
Contact killing and antimicrobial properties of copper. M Vincent, R E Duval, P Hartemann, M Engels‐Deutsch. Journal of Applied Microbiology, December 2017
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jam.13681
The Role of Copper Surfaces in Reducing the Incidence of Healthcare-associated infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ignacio Pineda, Richard Hubbard, Francisca Rodríguez. Canadian Journal of Infection Control, Spring 2017
https://ipac-canada.org/photos/custom/CJIC/IPAC_Spring2017_Pineda.pdf
Potential of Copper Alloys to Kill Bacteria and Reduce Hospital Infection Rates. Michels and Michels, Internal Medicine Review, March 2017
http://internalmedicinereview.org/index.php/imr/article/download/363/pdf
Copper Alloys - The New ‘Old’ Weapon in the Fight Against Infectious Disease. Harold T. Michels, Corinne A. Michels, Current Trends in Microbiology, Vol. 10 2016
http://www.researchtrends.net/tia/abstract.asp?in=0&vn=10&tid=41&aid=5817&pub=2016&type=3
Antimicrobial Applications of Copper. Marin Vincent, Philippe Hartemann, Marc Engels-Deutsch. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.
doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.06.003 or
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463916300669
Physicochemical Properties of Copper Important for its Antibacterial Activity and Development of a Unified Model. Michael Hans, Salima Mathews, Frank Mücklich and Marc Solioz, Biointerphases 11, 018902 (2016)
https://avs.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1116/1.4935853
Destruction of the Capsid and Genome of GII.4 Human Norovirus Occurs During Exposure to Metal Alloys Containing Copper. C. S. Manuel, M. D. Moore and L.A. Jaykus, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 15 May 2015
Understanding the Role of Facility Design in the Acquisition and Prevention of Healthcare-associated Infections. Health Environments and Research Design Journal, Vol 7, Supplement, 2013
http://digimags.vendomegrp.com/html/HERD-Supplement/HERD_Special.pdf
Evaluation of New In Vitro Efficacy Test for Antimicrobial Surface Activity Reflecting UK Hospital Conditions. M Ojeil, C Jermann, J Holah, S P Denyer, J-Y Maillard. Sept 2013
Application of copper to prevent and control infection. Where are we now? O’Gorman J, Humphreys H, Journal of Hospital Infection (2012),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2012.05.009. or
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.476.4024&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Control and Mitigation of Healthcare-Acquired Infections. Peter A Sharpe, MBA, EDAC, and Michael G Schmidt, MA, PhD. Control and mitigation of healthcare-acquired infections: Designing clinical trials to evaluate new materials and technologies. Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 5(1), 94-115. 2011.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/06cc/48d26c1a3bca289d3c5b87e1953724f08e08.pdf
Science, Technology and Design: Harnessing Copper’s Antimicrobial Power – A Review. Mark Tur, Proceedings of 2011 European Design 4 Health Conference, Sheffield, UK. 13-15th, 329-341, July 2011
https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/359004/1/D4H2011_proceedings_v5a.pdf#page=329
Antimicrobial surfaces and their potential in reducing the role of the inanimate environment in the incidence of hospital-acquired infections. Kristopher Page, Michael Wilson and Ivan P Parkin, University College London. January 2009. J. Mater. Chem. 2009 DOI: 10.1039/b818698g
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2009/jm/b818698g#!divAbstract
Antimicrobial Characteristics of Copper. H T Michels, ASTM Standardization News, October 2006.
https://www.astm.org/SNEWS/OCTOBER_2006/michels_oct06.html
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Mechanism of Killing Bacteria
Antimicrobial effect of copper surfaces on bacteria isolated from poultry meat. A Parra, M Toro, R Jacob, P Navarrete, M Troncoso, G Figueroa, A Reyes-Jara. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, August 2018
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1517838217312546#!
Impact of oxidation of copper and its alloys in laboratory-simulated conditions on their antimicrobial efficiency. M Walkowicza, P Osucha, B Smyraka, T Knycha, E Rudnika, L Cieniekb, A Różańskac, A Chmielarczykc, D Romaniszync, M Bulandac. Corrosion Science, August 2018
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010938X17313963
Antimicrobial efficacy and compatibility of solid copper alloys with chemical disinfectants. Katrin Steinhauer, Sonja Meyer, Jens Pfannebecker, Karin Teckemeyer, Klaus Ockenfeld, Klaus Weber, Barbara Becker. PLOS ONE, August 2018
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200748
Antimicrobial Effect of Copper Alloys on Acinetobacter Species Isolated from Infections and Hospital Environment . Anna Różańska, Agnieszka Chmielarczyk, Dorota Romaniszyn, Grzegorz Majka, Małgorzata Bulanda. BioMed Central, January 2018
Contact killing and antimicrobial properties of copper. M Vincent, R E Duval, P Hartemann, M Engels‐Deutsch. Journal of Applied Microbiology, December 2017
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jam.13681
Killing of Bacteria by Copper, Cadmium, and Silver Surfaces Reveals Relevant Physicochemical Parameters. J Luo, C Hein, F Mücklich, M Solioz. Biointerphases 12,020301, 2017.
https://avs.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/1.4980127
Small Colony Variants are More Susceptible to Copper-mediated Contact Killing for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Sha Liu and Xue-Xian Zhang, Journal of Medical Microbiology (2016), 65, 1143–1151
https://jmm.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.000348
Copper Alloys - The New ‘Old’ Weapon in the Fight Against Infectious Disease. Harold T. Michels, Corinne A. Michels, Current Trends in Microbiology, Vol. 10 2016
http://www.researchtrends.net/tia/abstract.asp?in=0&vn=10&tid=41&aid=5817&pub=2016&type=3
Lack of Involvement of Fenton Chemistry in Death of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Sensitive Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Destruction of Their Genomes on Wet or Dry Copper Alloy Surfaces. S. L. Warnes and C. W. Keevil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2016, 10.1128/AEM.03861-15
https://aem.asm.org/content/82/7/2132.abstract
Physicochemical Properties of Copper Important for its Antibacterial Activity and Development of a Unified Model. Michael Hans, Salima Mathews, Frank Mücklich and Marc Solioz, Biointerphases 11, 018902 (2016)
https://avs.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1116/1.4935853
Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials. Warnes SL, Little ZR, Keevil CW. 2015. Human coronavirus 229E remains infectious on common touch surface materials. mBio 6(6):e01697-15.
doi:10.1128/mBio.01697-15.
https://mbio.asm.org/content/6/6/e01697-15.full
Destruction of the Capsid and Genome of GII.4 Human Norovirus Occurs During Exposure to Metal Alloys Containing Copper. C. S. Manuel, M. D. Moore and L.A. Jaykus, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 15 May 2015
https://aem.asm.org/content/81/15/4940.full
Inactivation of Murine Norovirus on a Range of Copper Alloy Surfaces is Accompanied by Loss of Capsid Integrity. S. L. Warnes, E. N. Summersgill and C.W. Keevil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1 December 2014
https://aem.asm.org/content/81/3/1085
Surface Structure Influences Contact Killing of Bacteria by Copper. Marco Zeiger, Marc Solioz, Hervais Edongu, Eduard Arzt & Andreas S. Schneider. MicrobiologyOpen 2014; 3(3): 327–332.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mbo3.170
Inactivation of Norovirus on Dry Copper Alloy Surfaces. Warnes SL, Keevil CW (2013)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0075017#amendment-correction
Contact Killing of Bacteria on Copper is Suppressed if Bacterial-Metal Contact is Prevented and Induced on Iron by Copper Ions. Salima Mathews, Michael Hans, Frank Mücklich, Marc Solioz, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2013, Vol 79, No 8. Copyright © American Society for Microbiology. doi:10.1128/AEM.03608-12.
https://aem.asm.org/content/79/8/2605.abstract?sid=0440523b-d956-47a0-a2db-b30fefb29fc0
Mechanism of Copper Surface Toxicity in Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Involves Immediate Membrane Depolarization Followed by Slower Rate of DNA Destruction which Differs from that Observed for Gram-positive Bacteria. S L Warnes, V Caves and C W Keevil, Environmental Healthcare Unit, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.Journal Article: Environmental Microbiology (impact factor: 5.5). 12/2011 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51886538_Mechanism_of_copper_surface_toxicity_in_Escherichia_coli_O157H7_and_Salmonella_involves_immediate_membrane_depolarization_followed_by_slower_rate_of_DNA_destruction_which_differs_from_that_observed_fo
Mechanism of Copper Surface Toxicity in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci following Wet or Dry Surface Contact. S L Warnes and C W Keevil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2011.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165410/
Biocidal Efficacy of Copper Alloys against Pathogenic Enterococci Involves Degradation of Genomic and Plasmid DNA. S L Warnes, S M Green, H T Michels, C W Keevil, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/AEM.03050-09, 2010 and
https://aem.asm.org/content/76/16/5390.abstract
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Copper Surfaces Against Spores and Vegetative Cells of Clostridium difficile: The Germination Theory. L. J. Wheeldon, T. Worthington, P. A. Lambert, A. C. Hilton, C. J. Lowden and T. S. J. Elliott, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2008 62(3):522-525; doi:10.1093/jac/dkn219.